Utilities of GPRS Enabled Cell Phones

One of the best communication technologies that has ever been invented, cell phones are more than a necessity today. With the rapidly changing technology, cell phone has changed beyond recognition from technological as well as aesthetic perspective.While earlier cell phone was used for basic communication purposes, the new age mobile with latest features and technologies double up as glamour items apart from their basic GPRS abilities.To fascinate consumers, cell phone manufacturers keep adding new technologically advance features along with the glamour quotient. Now-a-days, many varieties of cell phones with their futuristic designs inadvertently arrest your attention. Any major technoloy you name today, and it`s available in this new age cell phone.Apart from attractive and sleek look, cell phone also carries a sea of advance features. Starting from music storage facility to camera and video recording feature, from Java games to Internet connectivity including the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and GPRS; cell phones these days are full-fledged gadgets that have multi-tasking usability.What is GPRS?General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is one of the latest technologies incorporated in cell phones. It is a new non-voice mobile technology that allows the cell phone to get connected to the Internet in a faster and cheaper way. In other words, your cell phone can go on-line with it.Unlike current digital wireless Net connections, no dial-up modem is necessary in GPRS service and it is ten times faster than current GSM networks. You can connect to the Internet at speed up to 171.2 kilobits per second (kbps) with GPRS enabled cell phones. Also you need to pay only for the data you transfer and not for your entire login time.GPRS enabled cell phone lets you enjoy continuous wireless connection to Internet even when you are on the move. You can now get instant access to your favorite web sites, entertainment services and other web applications. Also, gaming is no longer restricted to the basic snake games. You can seamlessly download and enjoy all types of Java-enabled games.Apart from the latest on-line games, here is a list of what you can do with this new cell phone technologyRemote LAN access:You can access to different information types namely email, intranet, databases through the remote LAN setup feature of your GPRS enabled cell phone. The speed and latency of it make the date transmitted through remote LAN really fast.Easy email access:With constant Internet connectivity, checking Email on the enabled cell phone is really easy. What`s more, the alert mechanism of this new technology when linked with email service, will notify the users when a new email is received.Web browsing:You can enjoy faster browsing of Internet through the GPRS activated cell phone. With its document sharing and collaborative working feature, many people from different locations can work on the same document at the same time.File transfer:While downloading or transferring files, the info available could be one of the Internet communication methods such as telnet, FTP, HTTP, Java or from a proprietary database or legacy platform. The file transfer process is bandwidth intensive. However, the GPRS enabled cell phone`s high speed flow across a mobile network makes it really fast, no matter what type of file you want to transfer.Chat:Thanks to your GPRS enabled cell phone, now you don`t need to set up your own group for chatting. Now you have access to all existing Internet chat groups and can join any of your preferred groups dedicated to cell phone users.Images and video:Your cell phone when activated with GPRS allows posting photographs, greeting cards and even video presentations from a digital camera connected to a GPRS radio device directly to an Internet site.

Original :: Utilities of GPRS Enabled Cell Phones

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The Art of Communicating

Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee and just as hard to sleep after. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 'Gift from the Sea'The word communicate comes from the latin communis or common. We speak of a common room that everyone shares or a university commons where everyone shares the space. It indicates that two people or two groups have something shared in common but in our world today I maintain that there is nothing common about communication. Many of the world's problems and disputes can be traced to poor communication.The dictionary defines communication as the transmission of information, thought or feeling so that it is satisfactorily received or understood. As a working defiition we'll consider that communication has been successful if there is shared understanding between those trying to communicate.So what is the result of shared understanding? What are the implications of a lack of shared understanding? Does shared understanding guarantee acceptance, openness and trust between people and groups?I maintain that while good communication doesn't guarantee our lives will be enhanced, poor communication will make bad situations worse and make it difficult to have and maintain open, useful relationships in life.The outcome, then, of successful communication should be to increase understanding and thereby improve relationships - and who doesn't need improved relationships?Families, co-workers, governments all need better communication. So let's examine what happens when we communicate, where the problems lie, and what we can each do to improve our communication skills.I. The pieces of the communication processCommunication is a two-way street, and people tend to structure their phrases along well-traveled linguistic routes to optimize their chances of being understood. --Christopher Manning, Stanford UniversityCommunication is a process; that is, it has definable steps that can be examined. We will look at communicating as a cycle going round and round unendingly. Remember, however, that examining the communication process is like putting your VCR on pause; you look at a frozen snapshot of a dynamic, unending process. It's often been said that one cannot not communicate unless you're dead or unconscious; communication takes place - for bad or for good - when we're trying and when we're not.A. SenderThe sender has something he wants to share with someone else. In our simplified model, the sender is the person communicating. Unfortunately the sender's information is in his mind. While much work has been done on trying to prove ESP, for most of us we've got to get the information we want to share out of our mind and into the other person's mind by other means.B. ReceiverThe receiver is just that - the other person or persons that the sender is trying to communicate with. What we'll find is that the receiver has some obstacles in the way that will affect whether shared understanding is achieved or not. While the sender has the responsibility to craft a clear message, the receiver has additional responsibilities of hearing, listening, and providing feedback.C. A messageThe message is not just some words. The message is a rich combination of thoughts, feelings, words, and meanings. Even a sender that says, "it's simple", doesn't realize the blended nature of the message they want to convey. Many communication problems stem from the idea that communication is simple.D. Some ways of generating a signalSpeak clearly, if you speak at all; carve every word before you let it fall. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1809 - 1894)The signal we are speaking of is how we encode the message in our heads and broadcast it to the receiver. We'll find that this includes more than the sounds of words; it can include feelings, attitudes, and our unique personality. If you think about this, all communication is indirect in that we use the tools of language and nonverbal communication to attempt to share what we are experiencing inside ourselves.E. A brain I would while away the hours, Conversin' with the flowers . . . If I only had a brain. -- The Scarecrow in the Wizard of OZOur brains are rich, complicated places. All communication is filtered through our personality, our background, our upbringing, our culture, and our current state of being. When you are tired or stressed or in circumstances that are unpleasant, communication becomes that much harder.F. Shared understandingSpeak properly, and in as few words as you can, but always plainly; for the end of speech is not ostentation but to be understood. William PennWe return to our definition. The degree to which someone understands what we are trying to communicate will depend on many factors. How much alike are we? Do we share any background experiences? Are our language skills, attitudes, beliefs similar or dissimilar? What assumptions have we made about each other based on stereotypes?It's probably fair to say that the degree of understanding could be rated on a scale from very well understood to completely misunderstood. And anyone who says "I understand perfectly" is probably deceiving themselves.G. FeedbackFeedback in our model are the reactions of the receiver that are being communicated back to the sender. Feedback causes the sender to modify his message to increase the chances of its being understood by the receiver. Each of us has experienced the feeling "they don't have a clue about what I'm trying to say". How did we reach this conclusion? By interpreting the feedback the receiver is generating. This feedback can be verbal or nonverbal.H. Communication blocked by noiseThe factor of "noise" may occur anywhere along the communication line, and it may be physical, physiological, or psychological in nature. William Brooks "Speech Communication"When using radio to communicate, the static sometimes is so strong that the message is lost. Communication theorists call this kind of interruption during communication "noise". For our purposes noise is any part of the communication process that diminishes shared understanding. Noise can be found in any part of our model. The sender can have poor communication skills. The receiver may be unable to receive the message for a variety of reasons. The channels they use to communicate may be inappropriate for the situation. Feedback may be misinterpreted or ignored.As we continue we will examine noise factors that decrease shared understanding and ways of eliminating or reducing the noise so that communication has a better chance.II. Temperament and CommunicationTemperament comes from the Latin tem perave, which means to mix. It relates to the fact that we are each a unique mixture of personality traits - background, intelligence, feelings, education, culture and on and on. It seems obvious but your temperament impacts your communication style.A. What is temperament?Temperament can also be called personality type and incorporates self-image or self-esteem. We'll talk more about self-image later but now we'll focus on our "natural" temperament or personality that we inherit along with our eye color and body type. The ancients thought that temperament was caused by the mixture of certain bodily fluids called humours.B. The four typesWhy four? Why not 104? Over the centuries, through observation and study, it has been determined that each of us is a blend of four distinct personality types - and more specifically we are usually a blend of two of the four types. Who wrote this rule? How do we know it's true? Again the evidence is mostly empirical or by experience though the underlying concepts come from the work of Carl Jung.For our purposes, we'll use the ancient Greek nomenclature for temperament types - Choleric, Phlegmatic, Sanguine, and Melancholy. These are certainly only one way of discussing the four - other models use the names of animals, the acronym DiSC, and the most famous - the Meyers-Briggs naming system.Temperament strongly affects communication style. But so does our cultural background, so does our educational experience. The point is that temperament is only one part of our communication style.The choleric type is sometimes called the Driver. A choleric person is goal-oriented, no-nonsense, hard-nosed person. They are extraverted, strong willed persons. You can spot a choleric by their impatient, action-oriented style.As regards communicating, the choleric gets straight to the point and is not much concerned with the feelings of others. They say what they mean and it can often be pointed and critical.The sanguine temperament is an outgoing, warm, people person. They are talkers and are concerned with the feelings of others. They are best when meeting and greeting others. They are extraverted, warm, and enthusiastic.The sanguine is loath to hurt others' feelings and will avoid conflict at almost any price. Their communication style is outgoing and talkative. They will often touch the person they are talking to.The melancholy is highly organized, detailed, and critical. You can spot a melancholy by their organized desktop or workspace. They are introverted and often moody. They dislike their anyone moving their "stuff".As a communicator, the melancholy will be precise, detailed and critical. They often feel they are "right" because they have taken the time to carefully analyze whatever subject they are talking about.The phlegmatic is the quietest of the four types. While generally calm on the surface they are the most likely to be anxious internally when communicating.Again I want to emphasize that no one is purely one temperament type. Another presentation I do on understanding temperament goes into much more detail on the 16 combinations of personality traits.Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves. Carl Jung (1857-1961)In a nutshell, personality affects communication because each style has a different primary way of communicating. Cholerics want "just the facts, ma'am". Sanguines want to talk, and talk, and talk. Melancholies want clear concise detailed information and Phlegmatics just want to get along. If you can adapt your natural style to be more like the other person's style, you'll find it easier to get their attention and, ultimately, share understanding with them.III. Self concept and CommunicationSelf-concept or self image is that internal picture we hold of ourselves - it's who WE think WE are. The amazing thing is that often others hold different pictures of us that don't agree with who we think we are. Each of us communicates out of our self-image. While affected by temperament, self-concept goes beyond our built in personality style.A. How is our self-image developed?Self-image develops as we develop. As we grow we each seek clues from around us that help us define who "we" are. Into our search comes "significant others". A significant other is defined as someone who's input we accept as having validity. This group includes many people such as parents, siblings, friends, teachers, and, again, anyone that we receive input from concerning our image of ourselves.For good and for bad, we take in these other peoples' opinions. They tell us how acceptable we are, they give us messages about our abilities or lack of abilities. As we develop we hear these voices tell us that we're good or that we're bad or that we can do anything we set our minds to or that we'll never amount to anything.B. How does our self-image change?The problem here is that other people express their opinion - and that's all it is. No matter how well a parent knows us or a teacher observes us, what they express about us is their opinion. How many people have been called "shy" for so long that they accept it as true? One interesting story deals with Suzzane Sommers. She had a verbally abusive father who told her she was no good, dumb, ugly and would never amount to anything. This affected her well into her adult life and was reflected in a series of bad relationships and failed life projects.Only after her father died did she begin to see that she had worth and value. Through a great deal of work she was able to begin to change how she saw herself and her self image changed into that of a competent, intelligent woman.C. How self-image affects communicationThis story illustrates how self-image affects our communication. If you've been known as shy or dumb or a teacher's pet, this affects how you see yourself and how others who know you react to you. In my personal life, I grew up extremely shy and bashful. I did not react well in social situations and, because I grew up in a small town going to school with the same kids year after year, this "social retardation" followed me throughout high school.But when I left for college 600 miles away, the realization began to dawn on me that no one there knew me as shy or bashful. I was able to dig out from under that old self-image and become more outgoing and more "myself" - the "myself" I wanted to be.So our self-concept may contain information that is wrong and cause many communication problems. Self study and possibly professional counseling are means of rooting out self concept problems.IV. Non-verbal CommunicationCommunication takes place on many levels simultaneously. We often tend to think of only the words that are spoken but that part of the message may only account for 20% of communication. So what's happening in the other 80%?A. What is it?What you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear what you say. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)Non-verbal communication is everything else BUT the words. It includes many components including vocal qualities such as tone of voice, as well as gestures, body language, accents and attitudes. Significant communication can take place without a word being spoken.B. Where is it learned?The face is the mirror of the mind, and eyes without speaking confess the secrets of the heart St. Jerome (342 - 420 AD)The key to understanding non-verbal communication is to study its' roots. Babies in the crib cannot understand words but they quickly learn to respond to voices and facial expressions. We begin to learn what a person means from their voice and their body language long before we understand the words themselves.And this is significant because as we grow we continue to interpret non-verbal communication at an unconscious level; not even aware that we are analyzing and critiquing the other person for their non-verbal message while attending to what they are saying verbally.C. Why do we pay attention to it?Jeff Foxworthy tells a story about the difference between men and women when looking at a new house. The woman is deciding how to decorate, the man is wondering where someone will try to break in. So to lower the chances of a break in, Jeff compares the well cared for lawn versus an overgrown lawn. According to Jeff, when you see an uncut lawn with a car motor hanging from the porch and a dog on a chain, "that's a house where a gun lives!"He's saying that how we choose to dress, how we talk, where we live - all are examples of nonverbal communication.We can't help but automatically process non-verbal cues as we communicate. How many times have we "tuned someone out" because of some non-verbal behavior that affects us. Because it is learned unconsciously in infancy, non-verbal communications comes "online" without us thinking about it. It might be someone's accent, their perceived level of education or learning, their vocal qualities or some other behavior - we always pay attention to it.D. How can we use it more effectively?Knowing how powerfully our nonverbal cues are can allow us to "shape" our message. By paying attention to how we speak, how we look, how our voice sound, we can improve our chances of attaining shared understanding.At the same time, consciously paying attention to our reactions to other's nonverbal messages will give us more information than we are getting by only attending to the words.V. ListeningOne of the biggest problems in communication relates to listening. How many parents have chanted the mantra "you're not listening" to a child? How many people have gotten lost because of only half-listening to a set of directions?A. Listening is NOT the same as hearing.Listening and hearing are not exactly the same thing. While it is true that you must hear in order to listen, it isn't always true that if you hear you ARE listening. Hearing is a function carried out by your brain wherein the sounds received by our ears are assigned meaning. But just because our brain understands the words doesn't mean that our minds will understand what is received.B. Problems related to listening1. Our brains are much faster than our mouths.Part of the problem is that our minds are much faster than our mouths. We typically speak anywhere from 30 to 100 words per minute but our minds can process information much faster than that. So if the first few words do not "hook" our attention we will rapidly "drift" off to think of something else.2. We lack interest or we prejudge what we are hearing.This hearing/listening disparity not only results in a lack of interest but can also cause us to prejudge what we are hearing. If we perceive a person to be uninteresting or dull or abrasive, these perceptions will cause us to judge the speaker and color what they are saying through our own attitudinal "filters".3. We don't seek or give feedback.Remember that our model of communication is a cycle - an ongoing give and take of information being shared. If we purposefully or accidentally give no feedback, the sender will have no idea or a distorted idea of how they are communicating. Distorted feedback could include agreeing with the sender when we really have no clue of what they are trying to say.VI. Assertion and confrontationNot all communication is pleasant. Emotionally charged conversations can cause their own problems that have to be dealt with. Sanguine and Phlegmatic temperaments (the two introverted styles) are especially prone to "clamming up" when the Choleric and Melancholies crank up. The easier thing to do in these situations is to withdraw into ourselves and not even try.The answer is a learned skill called assertiveness. The first thing to be learned is that because a person tries to dominate a communication event doesn't mean it's their "right". Each of us has as much right to be heard and understood as any other. Convincing yourself that this is true can be a long process - but until you believe it, you'll never take the initiative to stick up for yourself. There are books and training tapes available that can help you. One classic that is still available in bookstores and libraries is "When I say No I feel Guilty."Once you've begun to believe that you have a right to be heard, you can begin to practice simple but powerful behaviors that will help you.The formula is "D"escribe the behavior that upsets you such as "when you interrupt me . . .", "E"xplain how it makes you feel, "when you interrupt me I feel angry . . .", "S"pecify what you want to be different, "I would prefer that you say . . . ", and "C"onsequences, "If you can't do this, then . . ."Assertiveness may not make you feel less stressed but it can, if practiced, improve the chances of your being heard and understood.VII. How to improve your communication skillsSo what are some specific behaviors that you can implement that will improve your communication quotient? Here are several.A. Listen - don't assume.Make sure you have finished speaking before your audience has finished listening. Dorothy SarnoffThe key to to improved listening is using the "extra" time available in the hearing process. As you listen to someone, examine what they're saying, question your understanding of what is being said, involve yourself in the conversation.B. Improve your self-concept.Since all communication is filtered through our self-image, it makes sense that the better that self-image is, the better our chance of sharing understanding. Improving self-concept involves challenging assumptions we have about ourselves. Unlearning old attitudes and feelings can be a long and involved process; additionally replacing these dysfunctional attitudes with new and better feelings and attitudes can be a struggle.C. Learn to decipher non-verbal communication.Remember that non-verbal communication is processed by each of us almost unconsciously. By becoming consciously aware of another's tone off voice, posture, gestures, and facial expressions, we will raise our level of understanding several notches.What is essential to a person's word is the meaning given to it by that person - the thought, feeling or action that person associates with it and hopes to convey to others. Through our word we literally give to others a piece of our mind. Through others' words we may know their thoughts and feelings and share in their lives.Dallas WillardE. Ask questions - don't pretend to understand when you don't.The "old saw" has a lot of truth - to assume makes an "ass" out of "u" and "me". Too often we nod when someone asks if we understand when understanding is no where in sight. So much of the time we don't wish to appear foolish so we feign understanding.Conclusion - the benefits of improved communication.The ability to communicate effectively has implications for every part of life. Better communication can improve family relationships, enhance business relationships, and improve overall quality of life. Think again of how many disputes, arguments and disagreements were all rooted in poor communication?

Original :: The Art of Communicating

Darth Vader recording for TomTom GPS behind the scenes

Watch Lord Vader during the recording of his GPS voice for TomTom. NEW - YODA RECORDING Watch Yoda's recording at www.youtube.com AUGMENTED REALITY GAME Try the Star Wars Game at www.tomtom.com and see if the Force is strong with you. STAR WARS VOICES Get Darth Vader and your favourite Star Wars GPS voices at www.tomtom.com

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EDGE A Steppingstone Toward 3G Technologies in Pakistan

ABSTRACTThe business of wireless data is expected to grow in the region of 100-200 % per annum and the mobile communication industry agrees that wireless data services will form the foundation for future business. The enormous success of short messaging in many countries proves that people accept the benefits of non-voice services.Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) is a technology that gives Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile telephony. It provides three times the data capacity of General packet Radio Service (GPRS). Using EDGE, operators can handle three times more subscribers than GPRS; triple thir data rate per subscriber, or add extra capacity to their voice communications.This article provides an overview of EDGE technology. In particular, starting from the introduction of this 2.5G technology I describe the core technical aspects and distinct features. I will provide a comparison with GPRS for data services and then a survey of the current state of this technology in Pakistan. I have also covered some benefits for operators and customers.1. IntroductionThe importance of wireless data and multimedia services both for business and end customers are increasing on an unparalleled scale. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is a new radio interface solution and is based on an enhanced modulation. EDGE offers GSM network operators an evolution path to mobile data and multimedia services with a three fold increase of data throughput in the existing GSM spectrum. EDGE therefore provides an alternative for operators who do not have a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) license. Moreover it also represents a complement to UMTS for operators intending to first deploy UMTS only in densely populated areas, but who can also use EDGE to provide wide area coverage of future oriented 3G services. In the US market operators have chosen EDGE as the 3G solutions. [8].We are presently experiencing the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) as well as the higher transmission speeds of High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), joined by the convenience of "always on-line" direct Internet connections with GPRS. [1]EDGE, new radios interface technology with enhanced modulation, increases the HSCSD and GPRS data rates by up to three fold. EDGE modulation is going to increase the data throughput provided by the packet switched service even over 400 kbps per carrier. Similarly, the data rates of circuit switched data can be increased, or existing data rates can be achieved using fewer timeslots, saving capacity. Accordingly, these higher speed data services are referred to as EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS) and ECSD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data).EDGE, is a major improvement in GSM phase 2+. As a modification to existing GSM networks, EDGE does not require new network elements. [1]In the US, for instance, EDGE is part of the IS-136 High Speed concept, which is one of the third generation Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) proposals from TR.45. EDGE is eventually going to be standardized which makes possible to achieve a global mobile radio system with many services characteristic to third generation systems.2. OverviewThe increased bit rates of EDGE put requirements on the GSM/GPRS network architecture. Figure. 1 illustrates the GSM/GPRS architecture, the shaded parts of which are discussed in this section. Other nodes and interfaces are not affected at all by EDGE introduction. An apparent bottleneck is the A-bis interface, which today supports up to 16 kb/s per traffic channel. With EDGE, the bit rate per traffic channel will approach 64 kb/s, which makes allocation of multiple A-bis slots to one traffic channel necessary. Alternative asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or IP-based solutions to this problem can also be discusses.One important fact is, however, that the 16 kb/s limit will be exceeded already by the introduction of two coding schemes (CS3 and CS4) in GPRS, which have a maximal bit rate per traffic channel of 22.8 kb/s. Consequently, the A-bis limitation problem is being solved outside the EDGE standardization, and it is therefore a GPRS related, not EDGE-related, modification. For GPRS-based packet data services, other nodes and interfaces are already capable of handling higher bit rates, and are thus not affected. For circuit-switched services, the A interface can handle 64 kb/s per user, which is not exceeded by EDGE circuit-switched bearers. [9]2.1. Impact on GSM Network PlanningAn important prerequisite, which to a large extent will determine the success of EDGE in GSM, is that a network operator be able to introduce EDGE gradually. For initial deployment, EDGE-capable transceivers will supplement standard GSM/GPRS transceivers in a subset of the existing cells where EDGE coverage is desired. Hence, an integrated mix of GSM, GPRS, and EDGE users will coexist in the same frequency band. To minimize effort and cost for the network operator, radio network planning (including cell planning, frequency setting of power and other cell parameters) must not require extensive modification.2.1.1. Coverage PlanningOne characteristic of non-transparent radio link protocols that include automatic repeat request (ARQ), is that low radio link quality only results in a lower bit rate for the user. Hence, low SIR for a user does not result in a dropped call, as for speech, but in a temporary decrease of user bit rate. For transparent bearers, which typically offer a constant bit rate, link quality control must be extended to incorporate resource allocation, in the sense that the number of dynamically allocated time slots fits the bit rate and bit error rate (BER) retirements. Transparent bearers, will thus be available in the entire GSM cell, but require fewer time slots in the center of the cell (where 8-PSK coding schemes can be used).2.1.2. Frequency PlanningMost mature GSM networks of today have an average frequency reuse factor of around 9 (meaning that available frequencies are divided into nine frequency groups). However, there is also a trend toward tighter reuse factors. With the use of frequency hopping, multiple reuse patterns (MRP), and discontinuous transmission (DTX), reuse factors as low as 3 become feasible. EDGE supports a variety of reuse patterns. In fact, by its use of link quality control, EDGE can be introduced in an arbitrary frequency plan, and benefit from high SIR closer to the base stations. EDGE can be introduced in an existing GSM frequency plan, and that it also supports future high-capacity solutions based on tighter frequency reuse.2.1.3. Radio Network PlanningAn important prerequisite (and to a large extent, one that will determine the success of Edge) is that network operators should be able to introduce Edge gradually. The initial deployment of Edge-capable transceivers will supplement standard GSM transceivers in a subset of cells where Edge coverage is desired. An integrated mixture of circuit-switched, GPRS and Edge users will thus coexist in the same frequency band. To minimize operator efforts and costs, Edge-related implementation must not require extensive modification of the radio network plan (including cell planning, frequency planning, the setting of power levels and other cell parameters).2.1.4. Channel ManagementAfter Edge has been introduced, a cell will typically include two types of transceiver: standard GSM transceivers and Edge transceivers. Each physical channel (time slot) in the cell can be viewed as being one of at least four channel types:1. GSM speech and GSM circuit-switched data (CSD);2. GPRS packet data;3. Circuit-switched data, enhanced circuits witched data (ECSD), and GSM speech;4. Edge packet data (EGPRS), which allows a mix of GPRS and EGPRS users simultaneously.While standard GSM transceivers only support channel types 1 and 2, Edge transceivers support all four channel types. Physical channels are dynamically defined according to terminal capabilities and needs in the cell. For example, if several speech users are active, the number of type-1 channels is increased, at the expense of GPRS and Edge channels. Obviously, channel management must be automated, to avoid the splitting of channels into static groups. Otherwise, trunking efficiency would diminish.3. InterleavingTo increase the performance of the higher coding schemes in EGPRS (MCS7 to MCS9) even at low C/I, the interleaving procedure has been changed within the EGPRS standard. When frequency hopping is used, the radio environment is changing on a per-burst level. Because a radio block is interleaved and transmitted over four bursts for GPRS, each burst may experience a completely different interference environment. [7]If just one of the four bursts is not properly received, the entire radio block will not be properly decoded and will have to be retransmitted. In the case of CS4 for GPRS, hardly any error protection is used at all. With EGPRS, the standard handles the higher coding scheme differently than GPRS to combat this problem. MCS7, MCS8 and MCS9 actually transmit two radio blocks over the four bursts, and the interleaving occurs over two bursts instead of four. This reduces the number of bursts that must be retransmitted should errors occur. The likelihood of receiving two consecutive error free bursts is higher than receiving four consecutive error free bursts. This means that the higher coding schemes for EDGE have a better robustness with regard to frequency hopping.4. EDGE & GPRSEDGE, or the Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution, is the new mantra in the Global Internet Connectivity scene. EDGE is the new name for GSM 384. The technology was named GSM 384 because of the fact that it provided Data Transmission at a rate of 384 Kbps. It consists of the 8 pattern time slot, and the speed could be achieved when all the 8 time slots were used. The idea behind EDGE is to obtain even higher data rates on the current 200 KHz GSM carrier, by changing the type of the modulation used.Now, this is the most striking feature. EDGE, as being once a GSM technology, works on the existing GSM or the TDMA carriers, and enables them to many of the 3G services. Although EDGE will have a little technical impact, since its fully based on GSM or the TDMA carriers, but it might just get an EDGE over the up coming technologies, and of course, the GPRS. With EDGE, the operators and service providers can offer more wireless data application, including wireless multimedia, e-mail (Web Based), Web Infotainment, and above all, the technology of Video Conferencing.Now all these technologies that were named earlier, were the clauses of the IMT-UMTS 3G Package. But, with EDGE, we can get all these 3G services on our existing GSM phones, which might just prove to be a boon to the user. The current scenario clearly states that EDGE will definitely score higher than GPRS. The former allows its users to increase the data speed and throughput capacity, to around 3-4 times higher than GPRS.Secondly, it allows the existing GSM or the TDMA carriers to give the sophisticated 3G services. And with 1600 Million subscribers of GSM in over 170 countries, offer the full Global Roaming, anywhere between India to Japan and to San Francisco. Based on an 8 PSK modulation, it allows higher bit rate across the air Interface. There is one symbol for every 3 bits. Thus, EDGE Rate is equal to 3x GPRS Rate.5. Future Evolution Towards WCDMAThe next evolutionary step for the GSM/EDGE cellular system includes enhancements of service provisioning for the packet-switched domain with the service provisioning in UMTS/UTRAN (UMTS terrestrial radio access network). GERAN will provide improved support for all quality of service (QoS) classes defined for UMTS: interactive, background, streaming and conversational. By doing so, a new range of applications, including IP multimedia applications, will be adequately supported. This part of the GSM/EDGE evolution focuses on support for the conversational and streaming service classes, because adequate support for interactive and background services already exists. Additionally, parallel simultaneous bearers will support multimedia applications with different QoS characteristics towards the same MS, such as multiple media streams handled through IMS domain. A driver for such evolution on the packet-switched side is the paradigm shift within the telecommunications world from circuit to packet-switched communications.Both the core network defined for GPRS and the current GSM/EDGE radio access network require modifications to support enhanced packet services. The GPRS/EGPRS networks can quickly and cost effectively evolve with market needs, and align with services provided by WCDMA networks. The current evolution of GSM/EDGE, which covers all of the above aspects, is being standardized in 3GPP TSG GERAN. [4]6. EDGE in PakistanPakistan has the sixth largest population in the world - approximately 150 million. There are currently four mobile operators in the country. Mobile penetration at the end of 2003 was just 2.3% with a subscriber base of 3.4 million, while fixed line penetration was approximately 2.4%. Many geographic areas in Pakistan are without telephone coverage. To accompany recent positive economic development in Pakistan and the inherently low mobile penetration, high growth within the mobile segment is expected. At the moment the people in Pakistan are more concern with the text-enabled facility like SMS. Although the introduction of GPRS gave a new concept and new boost in Cellular network but still, people are not that much concern using Internet by their terminal. Few think that it still more costly and few believe that GPRS didn't develop the interest for using Internet if we compared it by computer.In April 2004 Norwegian mobile telecom operator, Telenor, bid for and ultimately won a license to operate a cellular network in Pakistan. The license covers the operation of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) technology for the network. [14]Telenor Pakistan has signed two deals with mobile infrastructure contractors for different areas of the network:Nokia have signed a three-year deal to build and operate a GSM / GPRS / EDGE network to cover the central and Northern Punjab region (phase one), centered around Lahore.Siemens have signed a deal to build a GSM / GPRS / EDGE network to cover the southern areas of Pakistan, centered around Islamabad.Further enhancements in data capability over the core GPRS / GSM network will be provided in both networks with the installation of Enhanced Data for Global (GSM) Evolution technology. This component of the two systems will be installed after the initial roll-outs and will allow the subscribers to have the use of advanced mobile services such as downloading video and music clips, full multimedia messaging, high-speed color Internet access and email on the move.Nortel Networks will upgrade Ufone's existing wireless systems and supply new GSM/GPRS core network and radio access equipment, including Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register (HLR) and advanced Base Transceiver Stations (BTS).A key component of the Ufone expansion will be Nortel Networks BTS 12000, designed to deliver additional capacity within a GSM/GPRS network while positioning operators to drive lower costs and to offer advanced wireless services based on third generation (3G) EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) technology. The expansion will also include Nortel Networks Passport Packet Voice Gateway (PVG) for migration of TDM voice trunking to a packet-based infrastructure.7. BenefitsAs highlighted previously the need to reduce business risk and make the best use of existing resources is of paramount importance within today's business environment.7.1. FinancialGSM based networks have become the standard within the cellular landscape. As EDGE is a GSM based technology and provides an enhancement for GPRS at a little additional cost it is considered the best way in which to capitalize on existing resources. [1]7.1.1. Radio Access NetworkIn most cases GPRS enabled base stations and BSC's can be simply upgraded to EDGE by way of relatively low-cost software and hardware upgrades, which will pro-long the life cycle of the deployed RAN elements.7.1.2. Core NetworkFor GPRS enhancement, there is very little modification to be completed within a GPRS enabled core network, thus enhancing the sunk core network investment.7.1.3. Antenna SitesThere is no requirement for additional antenna sites when deploying EDGE. Assuming high quality linear amplifiers with high RF output power are used within the BTS, the coverage pattern will be the same as the existing GPRS deployment, so protecting existing site investment.7.1.4. Spectrum UtilizationEDGE triples the GPRS data capacity whilst using the existing GSM spectrum and offers up to three times the GPRS data rate to the end user. EDGE is spectrally the most efficient radio technology for data applications requiring up to 100Kb/s throughput (compared to CDMA and WCDMA), and only WCDMA is spectrally better for higher throughputs.7.1.5. ApplicationsGPRS enabled applications and services will generally not require any additional investment to become EDGE compatible. This is also valid for known WCDMA applications. Although the financial benefits of EDGE can be apportioned to individual network elements as outlined above, one of the main business drivers is that EDGE forms an essential part of the overall GSM evolution towards a seamless multi-radio GSM/ GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA network. As mentioned previously GSM is the main standard for cellular communications worldwide and the business benefits of deploying an industry standard technology can be seen in nearly every aspect of a network deployment, from end-user devices, to applications to hardware.7.2. For OperatorOperators can also experiences the advantages of EDGE in following ways.7.2.1. Migration to wireless multimedia servicesThe operator can increase data revenues by offering attractive new types applications to end-users.7.2.2. Improved customer satisfactionIncreased data capacity and higher data throughput will decrease response times for all data services, thus keeping end users satisfied and connected.7.2.3. Early deployment of 3G type applicationsEDGE networks are expected to emerge in year 2001, when mature markets are likely to start demanding multimedia applications.7.2.4. Quick network implementationEDGE will not require new network elements and EDGE capability can be introduced gradually to the network.7.3. For User7.3.1. Improved quality of serviceIncreased data capacity and higher data throughput will eventually satisfy the customers' need for QoS.7.3.2. Personal multimedia servicesAttractive new types of applications and terminals will become available.7.3.3. Potentially lower price per bitLower cost of data capacity for high-speed data applications gives the operator flexibility in pricing.8. ConclusionWhile the tug of war between access technologies - CDMA vs. UMTS vs. GSM -- continues to be debated globally, EDGE provides an ideal solution for GSM carriers to add data capacity using limited spectrum. Keeping in view the fact that GSM supports more subscribers today than any other access technology (roughly 65 to 70% of the global subscriber market), and that GSM/GPRS operators are scrambling to add capacity to support user growth and launch next generation data services, the increased capacity and throughput offered by EDGE becomes very compelling. And, in a market where wireless carriers must squeeze the most out of capital outlays--past and future, it is no real surprise that we are going to see a renewed wave of interest in EDGE from our GSM customers.Today the position of EDGE as a technology evolution of GSM is clear. Initially promoted as an alternative to WCDMA and generally a niche technology, EDGE is now regarded as a key enabler for GSM/EDGE and WCDMA operators alike. Being able to drive business value from existing GSM infrastructure and spectrum is one of the main advantages, and along-with the ability of EDGE to reduce CAPEX, time-to-market and time-to-revenue, with regards the delivery of global high-speed data services, EDGE is a must technology.The cellular companies working in Pakistan did not have the license for the EDGE. Now as the introduction of some new companies like Telenor and WARID, it is possible that in near future Pakistan will also be able to use this facility. Then GPRS can become a real important factor in cellular network, as the people in Pakistan will use the Internet not only for downloading ring tones but also can enjoy the streaming videos by their cell phone and so many other facilities.

Original :: EDGE A Steppingstone Toward 3G Technologies in Pakistan

Mobile Phones UK User Friendly Handsets

The latest mobile phones that are being manufactured are not just a handy gadget from which you can make calls and send texts. It is more than just that. The latest manufactured mobiles are hassle-free and user-friendly handsets. UK based citizens want to avail the best of deals in order to enjoy easy and smooth communication services. Handsets after handsets are produced with new and innovative features. Bluetooth facilities are installed with GPRS systems, automatic internet accessibility and WI-FI connections, more advanced camera and image focussing, latest games and applications and so on. These latest magnificently designed handsets usually have an edge over the other manufactured mobile phones due to all the newly introduced technological advancements. One of the biggest advantages of a mobile phones UKmobile phones UK is that it is wireless and the word mobile means that it can be taken anywhere and everywhere. It thus enables uninterrupted mobile connectivity. They are thehandiest of gadgets during times of emergencies and when one has to handle work related matters and at the same time stay connected with the outside world. The mobile phones UK are endorsed by high-end technology and new features which are gaining quick popularity among customers and is a great means of achievement in the mobile market. These latest technology mobile handsets are the perfect combination of stress free communication and entertainment. Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, Blackberry and LG mobiles are some of the few leading mobile phone companies of our times. Their main objective is to satisfy customers and make them happy by manufacturing convenient handsets so that they can just live a care free life without any uninvited complications. When one purchases a latest mobile phone they are entitled to an array of free items. It works as an incentive to maximise sales. This is what competition is all about in the mobile market. Hence, the various benefits offered are free gifts like laptops, IPods, free mobile accessories, free messaging and calling schemes and so on.

David Hook is associated with Monthly Phone Contracts. He holds a master's degree in electronics and communication. Please Visit here to know more about mobile phone deals, Mobile phones UK, mobile phone free gifts and Blackberry Mobile Phones

Original :: Mobile Phones UK User Friendly Handsets

Phoenix Contact ILC GSM GPRS Wireless Networking System

Phoenix Contact's ILC 150 GSM/GPRS is the best choice if remote stations or stations distributed over a large area are to be integrated into the company network cost-effectively and public telephone lines are not available for data transmission. The GSM modem integrated in the miniature controller can be used to transfer process data, operating states or fault messages across all common mobile telephone networks and over any distance to the control center or to the mobile telephone of the on-call service personnel. There is no need to lay expensive data cables. With GPRS, the ILC 150 GSM/GPRS provides a packet-oriented, reasonably priced wireless service with a permanent online connection. The charges for this service depend only on the volume of data sent. For technical information on Phoenix Contact products, please visit stevenengineering.com

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